A ventriculoperitoneal shunt is a surgical procedure that relieves pressure on the brain caused by fluid accumulation by draining it to the abdominal cavity

Stereotactic surgery is a precise, minimally invasive technique that uses a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate and treat small areas in the brain

ranssphenoidal surgery is a minimally invasive procedure performed through the nasal cavity to remove pituitary tumors

Functional neurosurgery involves surgical procedures that target specific areas of the brain to treat conditions like epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic pain

Endovascular surgery is a minimally invasive procedure performed through blood vessels to treat conditions like aneurysms, blockages, and clots

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) resection is a surgical procedure to remove abnormal tangles of blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord that can cause bleeding or seizures

neurysm surgery involves repairing or reinforcing a weakened area in a blood vessel wall to prevent rupture and reduce the risk of bleeding

Peripheral nerve surgery involves the treatment of injuries, tumors, and other conditions affecting the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Microvascular decompression is a surgical procedure to relieve nerve compression by blood vessels, often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia

Endoscopic endonasal surgery is a minimally invasive procedure performed through the nasal passages to treat conditions of the skull base and brain

Endoscopic craniosynostosis repair is a minimally invasive surgery to correct the premature fusion of skull bones in infants, allowing for normal brain growth

Brain tumor surgery involves the removal of abnormal growths in the brain, which may be benign or malignant, to reduce symptoms and prevent further growth

Ablative brain surgery involves removing or destroying tissue in the brain to treat neurological conditions such as epilepsy or tumors

Neuroendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that uses an endoscope to remove tumors or treat other conditions within the brain or spinal cord

Epilepsy surgery involves removing or altering brain tissue to control seizures in patients with epilepsy

Decompressive craniectomy is a surgery to remove a portion of the skull to relieve intracranial pressure in cases of severe brain swelling

A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the body for examination under a microscope to diagnose diseases

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that connects two or more vertebrae to eliminate motion between them, often used to treat spinal instability

Lumbar puncture is a procedure to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the lower back for diagnostic testing or to administer medication

Laminectomy involves removing part of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, often used to treat spinal stenosis

Deep brain stimulation involves implanting electrodes in the brain to treat movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease

Chiari decompression is surgery to relieve pressure on the brainstem and spinal cord caused by Chiari malformation

Anterior cervical discectomy is a procedure to remove a herniated or degenerative disc in the neck, relieving pressure on the spinal cord or nerves

Craniotomy involves temporarily removing part of the skull to access the brain for surgical treatment